Integrand size = 28, antiderivative size = 157 \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt [4]{-1} d^{3/2} \arctan \left (\frac {(-1)^{3/4} \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{\sqrt {d}}\right )}{8 a^3 f}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}+\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 a f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}+\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{8 f \left (a^3+i a^3 \tan (e+f x)\right )} \]
1/8*(-1)^(1/4)*d^(3/2)*arctan((-1)^(3/4)*(d*tan(f*x+e))^(1/2)/d^(1/2))/a^3 /f-1/6*d*(d*tan(f*x+e))^(1/2)/f/(a+I*a*tan(f*x+e))^3+1/6*d*(d*tan(f*x+e))^ (1/2)/a/f/(a+I*a*tan(f*x+e))^2+1/8*d*(d*tan(f*x+e))^(1/2)/f/(a^3+I*a^3*tan (f*x+e))
Time = 1.84 (sec) , antiderivative size = 141, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\frac {\left (\frac {1}{48}+\frac {i}{48}\right ) d \sec ^2(e+f x) \left (-3 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {d} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {(1+i) \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {d}}\right ) \sec (e+f x) (\cos (3 (e+f x))+i \sin (3 (e+f x)))+(1+i) (3 \cos (2 (e+f x))+5 i \sin (2 (e+f x))) \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}\right )}{a^3 f (-i+\tan (e+f x))^3} \]
((1/48 + I/48)*d*Sec[e + f*x]^2*(-3*Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[d]*ArcTanh[((1 + I)*Sqrt[ d*Tan[e + f*x]])/(Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[d])]*Sec[e + f*x]*(Cos[3*(e + f*x)] + I*Sin [3*(e + f*x)]) + (1 + I)*(3*Cos[2*(e + f*x)] + (5*I)*Sin[2*(e + f*x)])*Sqr t[d*Tan[e + f*x]]))/(a^3*f*(-I + Tan[e + f*x])^3)
Time = 0.89 (sec) , antiderivative size = 164, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.04, number of steps used = 14, number of rules used = 13, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.464, Rules used = {3042, 4041, 27, 3042, 4079, 27, 2030, 3042, 4032, 27, 3042, 4016, 218}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 4041 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {\int -\frac {a d^2-7 i a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{2 \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)} (i \tan (e+f x) a+a)^2}dx}{6 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 27 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\int \frac {a d^2-7 i a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)} (i \tan (e+f x) a+a)^2}dx}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\int \frac {a d^2-7 i a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)} (i \tan (e+f x) a+a)^2}dx}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 4079 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {\int -\frac {12 i a^2 d^3 \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)} (i \tan (e+f x) a+a)}dx}{4 a^2 d}+\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 27 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d^2 \int \frac {\tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)} (i \tan (e+f x) a+a)}dx}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 2030 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \int \frac {\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{i \tan (e+f x) a+a}dx}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \int \frac {\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{i \tan (e+f x) a+a}dx}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 4032 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \left (\frac {i \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))}-\frac {\int \frac {i a d^2-a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{2 \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}dx}{2 a^2 d}\right )}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 27 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \left (\frac {i \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))}-\frac {\int \frac {i a d^2-a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}dx}{4 a^2 d}\right )}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \left (\frac {i \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))}-\frac {\int \frac {i a d^2-a d^2 \tan (e+f x)}{\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}dx}{4 a^2 d}\right )}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 4016 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \left (\frac {d^3 \int \frac {1}{i a d^3+a \tan (e+f x) d^3}d\sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f}+\frac {i \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))}\right )}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 218 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\frac {2 a d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^2}-3 i d \left (\frac {(-1)^{3/4} \sqrt {d} \arctan \left (\frac {(-1)^{3/4} \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{\sqrt {d}}\right )}{2 a f}+\frac {i \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{2 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))}\right )}{12 a^2}-\frac {d \sqrt {d \tan (e+f x)}}{6 f (a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3}\) |
-1/6*(d*Sqrt[d*Tan[e + f*x]])/(f*(a + I*a*Tan[e + f*x])^3) + ((2*a*d*Sqrt[ d*Tan[e + f*x]])/(f*(a + I*a*Tan[e + f*x])^2) - (3*I)*d*(((-1)^(3/4)*Sqrt[ d]*ArcTan[((-1)^(3/4)*Sqrt[d*Tan[e + f*x]])/Sqrt[d]])/(2*a*f) + ((I/2)*Sqr t[d*Tan[e + f*x]])/(f*(a + I*a*Tan[e + f*x]))))/(12*a^2)
3.2.82.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[(a_)*(Fx_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[a Int[Fx, x], x] /; FreeQ[a, x] && !Ma tchQ[Fx, (b_)*(Gx_) /; FreeQ[b, x]]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(Rt[a/b, 2]/a)*ArcTan[x/R t[a/b, 2]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b]
Int[(Fx_.)*(v_)^(m_.)*((b_)*(v_))^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[1/b^m Int[(b*v) ^(m + n)*Fx, x], x] /; FreeQ[{b, n}, x] && IntegerQ[m]
Int[((c_) + (d_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])/Sqrt[(b_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_ )]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[2*(c^2/f) Subst[Int[1/(b*c - d*x^2), x], x, Sqrt[b *Tan[e + f*x]]], x] /; FreeQ[{b, c, d, e, f}, x] && EqQ[c^2 + d^2, 0]
Int[((c_.) + (d_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(n_)/((a_) + (b_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(a*c + b*d))*((c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^n/(2*( b*c - a*d)*f*(a + b*Tan[e + f*x]))), x] + Simp[1/(2*a*(b*c - a*d)) Int[(c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^(n - 1)*Simp[a*c*d*(n - 1) + b*c^2 + b*d^2*n - d*(b*c - a*d)*(n - 1)*Tan[e + f*x], x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f}, x] && Ne Q[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[a^2 + b^2, 0] && NeQ[c^2 + d^2, 0] && LtQ[0, n, 1]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(m_)*((c_.) + (d_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(b*c - a*d))*(a + b*Tan[e + f*x])^m* ((c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^(n - 1)/(2*a*f*m)), x] + Simp[1/(2*a^2*m) Int[(a + b*Tan[e + f*x])^(m + 1)*(c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^(n - 2)*Simp[c*(a*c*m + b*d*(n - 1)) - d*(b*c*m + a*d*(n - 1)) - d*(b*d*(m - n + 1) - a*c*(m + n - 1))*Ta n[e + f*x], x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[a^2 + b^2, 0] && NeQ[c^2 + d^2, 0] && LtQ[m, 0] && GtQ[n, 1] && (In tegerQ[m] || IntegersQ[2*m, 2*n])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(m_)*((A_.) + (B_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])*((c_.) + (d_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Sim p[(a*A + b*B)*(a + b*Tan[e + f*x])^m*((c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^(n + 1)/(2*f*m*( b*c - a*d))), x] + Simp[1/(2*a*m*(b*c - a*d)) Int[(a + b*Tan[e + f*x])^(m + 1)*(c + d*Tan[e + f*x])^n*Simp[A*(b*c*m - a*d*(2*m + n + 1)) + B*(a*c*m - b*d*(n + 1)) + d*(A*b - a*B)*(m + n + 1)*Tan[e + f*x], x], x], x] /; Free Q[{a, b, c, d, e, f, A, B, n}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[a^2 + b^2, 0] && LtQ[m, 0] && !GtQ[n, 0]
Time = 0.68 (sec) , antiderivative size = 103, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.66
| method | result | size |
| derivativedivides | \(\frac {2 d^{4} \left (-\frac {i \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {d \tan \left (f x +e \right )}}{\sqrt {i d}}\right )}{16 d^{2} \sqrt {i d}}+\frac {-\left (d \tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )^{\frac {5}{2}}+\frac {10 i d \left (d \tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )^{\frac {3}{2}}}{3}+d^{2} \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x +e \right )}}{16 d^{2} \left (i d \tan \left (f x +e \right )+d \right )^{3}}\right )}{f \,a^{3}}\) | \(103\) |
| default | \(\frac {2 d^{4} \left (-\frac {i \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {d \tan \left (f x +e \right )}}{\sqrt {i d}}\right )}{16 d^{2} \sqrt {i d}}+\frac {-\left (d \tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )^{\frac {5}{2}}+\frac {10 i d \left (d \tan \left (f x +e \right )\right )^{\frac {3}{2}}}{3}+d^{2} \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x +e \right )}}{16 d^{2} \left (i d \tan \left (f x +e \right )+d \right )^{3}}\right )}{f \,a^{3}}\) | \(103\) |
2/f/a^3*d^4*(-1/16*I/d^2/(I*d)^(1/2)*arctan((d*tan(f*x+e))^(1/2)/(I*d)^(1/ 2))+1/16/d^2*(-(d*tan(f*x+e))^(5/2)+10/3*I*d*(d*tan(f*x+e))^(3/2)+d^2*(d*t an(f*x+e))^(1/2))/(I*d*tan(f*x+e)+d)^3)
Both result and optimal contain complex but leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 341 vs. \(2 (127) = 254\).
Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 341, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.17 \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\frac {{\left (12 \, a^{3} f \sqrt {-\frac {i \, d^{3}}{64 \, a^{6} f^{2}}} e^{\left (6 i \, f x + 6 i \, e\right )} \log \left (-\frac {2 \, {\left (i \, d^{2} e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + 8 \, {\left (a^{3} f e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + a^{3} f\right )} \sqrt {\frac {-i \, d e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + i \, d}{e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + 1}} \sqrt {-\frac {i \, d^{3}}{64 \, a^{6} f^{2}}}\right )} e^{\left (-2 i \, f x - 2 i \, e\right )}}{d}\right ) - 12 \, a^{3} f \sqrt {-\frac {i \, d^{3}}{64 \, a^{6} f^{2}}} e^{\left (6 i \, f x + 6 i \, e\right )} \log \left (-\frac {2 \, {\left (i \, d^{2} e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} - 8 \, {\left (a^{3} f e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + a^{3} f\right )} \sqrt {\frac {-i \, d e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + i \, d}{e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + 1}} \sqrt {-\frac {i \, d^{3}}{64 \, a^{6} f^{2}}}\right )} e^{\left (-2 i \, f x - 2 i \, e\right )}}{d}\right ) + {\left (4 \, d e^{\left (6 i \, f x + 6 i \, e\right )} + 4 \, d e^{\left (4 i \, f x + 4 i \, e\right )} - d e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} - d\right )} \sqrt {\frac {-i \, d e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + i \, d}{e^{\left (2 i \, f x + 2 i \, e\right )} + 1}}\right )} e^{\left (-6 i \, f x - 6 i \, e\right )}}{48 \, a^{3} f} \]
1/48*(12*a^3*f*sqrt(-1/64*I*d^3/(a^6*f^2))*e^(6*I*f*x + 6*I*e)*log(-2*(I*d ^2*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + 8*(a^3*f*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + a^3*f)*sqrt((-I*d* e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + I*d)/(e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + 1))*sqrt(-1/64*I*d^3/(a^ 6*f^2)))*e^(-2*I*f*x - 2*I*e)/d) - 12*a^3*f*sqrt(-1/64*I*d^3/(a^6*f^2))*e^ (6*I*f*x + 6*I*e)*log(-2*(I*d^2*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) - 8*(a^3*f*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + a^3*f)*sqrt((-I*d*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + I*d)/(e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I* e) + 1))*sqrt(-1/64*I*d^3/(a^6*f^2)))*e^(-2*I*f*x - 2*I*e)/d) + (4*d*e^(6* I*f*x + 6*I*e) + 4*d*e^(4*I*f*x + 4*I*e) - d*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) - d)*sqrt ((-I*d*e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + I*d)/(e^(2*I*f*x + 2*I*e) + 1)))*e^(-6*I*f*x - 6*I*e)/(a^3*f)
\[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\frac {i \int \frac {\left (d \tan {\left (e + f x \right )}\right )^{\frac {3}{2}}}{\tan ^{3}{\left (e + f x \right )} - 3 i \tan ^{2}{\left (e + f x \right )} - 3 \tan {\left (e + f x \right )} + i}\, dx}{a^{3}} \]
I*Integral((d*tan(e + f*x))**(3/2)/(tan(e + f*x)**3 - 3*I*tan(e + f*x)**2 - 3*tan(e + f*x) + I), x)/a**3
Exception generated. \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\text {Exception raised: RuntimeError} \]
Time = 0.83 (sec) , antiderivative size = 158, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.01 \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=-\frac {1}{24} \, d^{4} {\left (\frac {3 i \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {8 \, \sqrt {d^{2}} \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x + e\right )}}{4 i \, \sqrt {2} d^{\frac {3}{2}} + 4 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {d^{2}} \sqrt {d}}\right )}{a^{3} d^{\frac {5}{2}} f {\left (\frac {i \, d}{\sqrt {d^{2}}} + 1\right )}} + \frac {3 i \, \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x + e\right )} d^{2} \tan \left (f x + e\right )^{2} + 10 \, \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x + e\right )} d^{2} \tan \left (f x + e\right ) - 3 i \, \sqrt {d \tan \left (f x + e\right )} d^{2}}{{\left (d \tan \left (f x + e\right ) - i \, d\right )}^{3} a^{3} d^{2} f}\right )} \]
-1/24*d^4*(3*I*sqrt(2)*arctan(8*sqrt(d^2)*sqrt(d*tan(f*x + e))/(4*I*sqrt(2 )*d^(3/2) + 4*sqrt(2)*sqrt(d^2)*sqrt(d)))/(a^3*d^(5/2)*f*(I*d/sqrt(d^2) + 1)) + (3*I*sqrt(d*tan(f*x + e))*d^2*tan(f*x + e)^2 + 10*sqrt(d*tan(f*x + e ))*d^2*tan(f*x + e) - 3*I*sqrt(d*tan(f*x + e))*d^2)/((d*tan(f*x + e) - I*d )^3*a^3*d^2*f))
Time = 4.69 (sec) , antiderivative size = 155, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.99 \[ \int \frac {(d \tan (e+f x))^{3/2}}{(a+i a \tan (e+f x))^3} \, dx=\frac {\frac {5\,d^3\,{\left (d\,\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )\right )}^{3/2}}{12\,a^3\,f}-\frac {d^4\,\sqrt {d\,\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8\,a^3\,f}+\frac {d^2\,{\left (d\,\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )\right )}^{5/2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8\,a^3\,f}}{-d^3\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )}^3+d^3\,{\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )}^2\,3{}\mathrm {i}+3\,d^3\,\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )-d^3\,1{}\mathrm {i}}-\frac {\sqrt {\frac {1}{256}{}\mathrm {i}}\,{\left (-d\right )}^{3/2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {16\,\sqrt {\frac {1}{256}{}\mathrm {i}}\,\sqrt {d\,\mathrm {tan}\left (e+f\,x\right )}}{\sqrt {-d}}\right )\,2{}\mathrm {i}}{a^3\,f} \]
((5*d^3*(d*tan(e + f*x))^(3/2))/(12*a^3*f) - (d^4*(d*tan(e + f*x))^(1/2)*1 i)/(8*a^3*f) + (d^2*(d*tan(e + f*x))^(5/2)*1i)/(8*a^3*f))/(3*d^3*tan(e + f *x) - d^3*1i + d^3*tan(e + f*x)^2*3i - d^3*tan(e + f*x)^3) - ((1i/256)^(1/ 2)*(-d)^(3/2)*atan((16*(1i/256)^(1/2)*(d*tan(e + f*x))^(1/2))/(-d)^(1/2))* 2i)/(a^3*f)